Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to Essay

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to promote its brand in an international level due to its newnes - Essay Example The company entered smart phone market with Galaxy S (sub brand of Galaxy) to compete with market leaders, such as Apple. The company within next two years slowly expanded the product portfolio under Galaxy brand name. Product portfolio of Samsung Galaxy brand can be described in the following manner. Galaxy S Galaxy S 2 & S 3 Galaxy Note Galaxy Tab Galaxy Ace Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Tab Samsung Galaxy S series is complemented with Android operating system. In the initial phase the company implemented latest hardware technology to improve performance of the phone. The company promoted the product with triplet unique selling proposition: Multimedia phone with latest application Slim and trendy look (thickness of 9.91mm) Unique design with feeling of human touch Branding Assessment Consumer’s perception about the brand In recent years Samsung Galaxy shows strong brand association among customers. Customers believe the Galaxy brand has revamped the traditional image of Samsung by imp lementing unique design and technical application in the brand. Customers prefer to work on wide touch screen of Galaxy phones. Corporate Decisions The company has increased product line periodically after the first launch of Galaxy phone. The company takes help of above the line promotion to promote the brand. In the press release Galaxy brand emphasizes on product specification to attract customers. Corporate Activities Management of the company has taken decision to push the brand further and introduced low priced smart phones in the developing countries. (Source: Author’s Creation) Steps Undertaken by Management In the initial stage many critics pointed out that Galaxy would not be successful venture in a market dominated by Apple. Customers criticized Galaxy phones due to their caught in between nature (First model of Galaxy S was somewhere between tablet and smart phone due to its absurd size). Management has taken to steps to modify the phone by increasing screen size and application in their Galaxy S2 model. In the smart phone segment Apple was the leader and Samsung classified as new player in the segment. Customers accustomed with smart phone usage has raised question over display of the phone and rejected it. Management took the rejection as challenge and changed their research and development model to overcome initial problems. People have rejected initial models of Galaxy due to its unstable quad-core processor. Quad core processor of Galaxy was working slowly in comparison to Apple’s iPhone. The company has increased processor speed by increasing Ram memory in their next models. No one can deny that initial models of Galaxy smart phones were associated with cheap and plastic look and that is the main reason why people rejected initial models. The company is still working on that issue and with their all new metallic Galaxy S III they have somewhat sorted out the problem. Research & development team has designed new models with polyc arbonate material to enhance the look of the product. iPhone users criticized Galaxy smart phone due to poor wireless connectivity and slow media file sharing while Galaxy has answered back critics with their modified models. In the initial stage people were confused about applicability of Samsung Galaxy smart phone, and the company has not tried sufficiently to clear out confusion in the mind of customers. Brand image of Apple as smart phone maker was already established when Samsung

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay Topic Sentence: Who, in your opinion, is most to blame for this tragedy? One of Shakespeare’s most known plays is the love story between Romeo and Juliet, which ends up as a tragedy. There are many different reasons and causes to why this tragedy occurred between the two young lovers, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurance, their parents and also the element of fate. Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers who seem to rush the love between each other by becoming married to after only a matter of hours of knowing each other. Friar Laurence who should have been smarter in his actions by marry the two which ending up causing this tragedy, also both Romeo and Juliets have a role that ended up causing their children a tragic end. . Finally, the element of fate comes into play we realise that their tragic deaths may have been predetermined and would be unchanged even if they decided to act differently to what they did. Romeo and Juliet contribute to their tragic end. Both Romeo and Juliet are two young teenagers who rush there love between each other and make important decisions without proper thought to what the consequence might be. Romeo and Juliet are both too naive and do not realise nor think about their actions before actually doing them. ‘ Had I ever loved before? ’ Romeo says this when he first lays eyes on Juliet, without even properly meeting her he is already madly in love with her. This is simple naivety, which causes both Romeo and Juliet not to think about their actions and results in the ultimate sacrifise, their own lives. As for Juliet who has never felt love before, shows how naive she really is by just thinking that she is in love without experiencing it before meeting Romeo. Due to Romeo and Juliet’s naivety and lack of thought, contribute massively to the tragedy that they both suffer. The Montague’s (Romeo’s family) and The Capulet’s (Juliet’s family) have been feuding for decades and has become as bad as them trying to kill each other when they see each other on the streets. This relationship between the two families cause a major problem between Romeo and Juliet when they first realise who their families are. Both Romeo and Juliet realise that they can not tell anyone that they were madly in love with each other because they knew that both of their families would not allow the relationship and they could not be away from each other. So in result of the feud between the two families Romeo and Juliet have to keep their love secret when it would of help their relationship if they could talk to their parents and receive advise to reconsider how fast they were rushing into things. Both Romeo and Juliet did not have this advice and it ended up causing a tragedy. Friar Laurence has a major of role in the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Friar Laurence ends up making four fatal mistakes, he gave a poison to Juliet, he trusted someone else with a letter of great significance to deliver to Romeo, he married the two and he fled when Juliet was in the most danger at the tomb. His biggest mistake was the horrible advice and decision making that he made when he first found out about Romeo and Juliet’s secret love for each other. Both Romeo and Juliet were too naive to understand the full extent of the situation, however Friar Laurence being a much older man with much more wisdom and knowledge acted in a way that ended up causing the tragedy to occur. If he had been wiser and gave both Romeo and Juliet advice that they needed and not gone along with their plan to un-thought plan, the end up result would have been different. Fate is a major element in the play Romeo and Juliet. The element of fate is a power that predetermines events in your life and is unchangeable or is certain destiny. It is irreversible. From the first page of the play we hear about fate, Romeo and Juliet are mentioned as `star-crossed lovers meaning that fate will bring them together. It also says that their love is `death markd which means that their fate will be tragic. This suggest to us that the end up result was always going to be the same no matter of what different actions Romeo and Juliet made. The Fate of Romeo and Juliet’s love could also be questioned as unlucky and coincidental. The Montague boys are accidently invited to the Capulet’s â€Å"feast† were Romeo and Juliet meet. Friar Laurences second letter is never sent to Romeo because Romeos cousin reaches Romeo before the letter ever has a chance. Romeo arrives at the tomb just before Romeo sees Juliet waking up and kills himself think she is dead, which results in Juliet killing herself. In conclusion I believe that Friar Laurence is mainly to blame for this tragedy between Romeo and Juliet. Both Romeo and Juliet were just too naive to think about their actions full effect, when Friar Laurence who is a much older and should have been much wiser did not think of the consequences when he really should of and gave them both horrible advice. That is why a believe Romeo and Juliet’s tragedy is to be blamed on Friar Laurence’s actions.

Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argum

Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument In a world of scientific inquiry, atheism, and the assassination of God, we are often neglectful of our Glorious God’s existence. With new theories of neuropsychology, quantum physics, gene therapy, evolution, and psychobiology, we are constantly forced to edge God out of our lives, to be replaced with cold, empty scientific thought. What, with meme theory, genetic predisposition, evolutionary spontaneous generation, dark matter, super string theory, multi-layered universes, and the neurological reasons behind consciousness, we are becoming more and more distant from the reality that is God. This is disappointing. This is painful. And thankfully, this is avoidable. We must look no further than Saint Anselm and his Ontological Argument of 1077 B.C., and we are again reminded of the irrefutability of the Lord’s existence, and His awe-inspiring plan for us all. Saint Anselm of Canterbury is not only the theologian responsible for one of the most potent arguments against atheism, but he is also the archbishop responsible for interpreting the Holy Bible in support of the Holy Crusades for Pope Urban II. Without Anselm, we would be without the Ontological Proof, and we never would have waged war against the infidel Turks, or the heathen Jews. So, we are doubly indebted to Saint Anselm, and should take this opportunity to learn a little more about him: Anselm was one of the early Church Fathers who attempted to justify faith, not by reference to Holy Scripture, but through the use of logic and reason alone. Having been inspired by Saint Augustine’s The City of God, (413-426,) Anselm understood that to defeat Paganism, he must support his ... ...errifying of all, no Yoohoo Chocolate Drink. (A careful reading of The Revelations of John show this to be one facet of Hell.) So, Believe in the Lord, friends, He Must Exist! You need never doubt again, as the man who doubts further supports the undeniable existence of God Almighty. In order to deny the existence of God, we must first conceive of a God, and in order to conceive of a God, God must exist, because the concept of God can be improved upon, and therefore, God must exist. This concludes my exposition of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument. Works Sited: Ian McGreal: Great Thinkers of the Western World. New York, Harper Collins Co., 1992. Pg. 81-86. John Hopkins: A Companion to the Study of St. Anselm. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1972. Saint Anselm: Monologion. England, 1077. Saint Anselm: Proslogion. England, 1078.

The Hoover Company and Dyson

Table of Contents Question 12 Dyson’s Value Chain Model2 Competency framework model3 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS4 Question 25 VRIO FRAMWORK5 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS6 Question 36 Question 47 References:8 Question 1 Using framework from the chapter, analyse the strategic capabilities of Dyson. Dyson’s Value Chain Model Support Activities FirmInfrastructure| Structuring and planning, HQ in UK, manufacturing and testing facility in Malaysia with 120 testing station, patent protection, management, corporate commitment to product development supported by company motto: thinking, testing, breaking, questioning. 50 engineers in Wilshire with 20 specialist laboratories close by. | INFORMATION FLOW Human ResourceManagement| Up-to-date employee details, training, reward scheme, 2500 people working for Dyson around the world, recruitment follows an online process, the right candidate will be called for an interview, recruitment strategy focuses on recruitment of engineers and designers | TechnologyDevelopment| Margin Helps in R&D, which is the key operation, ERD and IRM to manage the information flow within the company, a wide selection of technology involve in production process and technological innovation. Dyson’s technology: multiplier technology and ball technology. | Procurement| Raw materials procure from the UK and Asia. Majority of procurement come from Asia where suppliers are based and cost are low. The material is shipped to Dyson’s manufacturing plant in Malaysia. Malaysia is on of the leading procurement centres in the world. | Primary Activities Inbound logistics| Connected with suppliers, so that they can meet the needs, raw materials, energy, inventory management, reverse logistics process as defective product can be returned to Dyson company at the cost to the customer. The product will be return within 24h to the customer. | Operations| Avoiding unwanted operations and thus enhance the flexibility, manufacturing the products in Malaysia and China, the NQ in the UK, developing and testing the prototypes, sending the prototype through production process. The manufacturing process that converts raw materials into various products. The operation phase is preceded by the development of a prototype. Various forms of technology is used to develop a prototype from special computerized technology to plasticine and cardboard. Outbound logistics| Fast and direct link to distributors all over the world, Dyson’s sell his products directly from their website and retail stores like comet or curry’s. Activities of outbound logistics are customer’s orders which are shipped to different locations around the world. | Research &Development| 50% of the company profit is spend on R&D, 350 engeeners, R&D in the UK, design, technological innovation an d creativity. Marketing & Sales| Electronic market research, advertising, Dyson award for young inventors, online ordering process, online marking, strategy where the customer can shop online with the assistance of customer service agents. The online order makes easy for the customer to choose product, models and performance. | Service| Effective after sales services to the client at cost to the client, 7 days a week customer help line and online customer service, 5 years warranty for Dyson’s products. | INFORMATION FLOW Competency framework model ———————————————— Dyson: threshold resources ————————————————- †¢Engineering design equipment (tangible) ———————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- †¢Product supplies (tangible) ————————————————- †¢Manufacturing space (tangible) ————————————————- †¢Offices and facilities (tangible) ————————————————- †¢appropriate personnel (tangible) ————————————————- sufficient customers (human resource) ————————————————- ———————————————— - Dyson: threshold competences ————————————————- †¢general management skills including distribution & marketing (intangible) ————————————————- †¢Engineering design skills (intangible) ————————————————- †¢Cost control through manufacturing in low-cost locations; Malaysia and China (tangible) ————————————————- Quality assurance and control, 550 tests before the product will reach production line (tangible) ———————————————â€⠀- †¢The ability to attract customers sufficiently inspired by design to pay premium prices across (intangible), ————————————————- ————————————————- Dyson: distinctive resources ————————————————- †¢James Dyson himself (human resource) ————————————————- The Dyson brand name and strategy of high-end products in an otherwise dull market (intangible source) ————————————————- †¢An HQ building and related laboratories desig ned to foster innovation (tangible resource) ————————————————- †¢Product portfolio and associated patents (intangible) ————————————————- †¢High R&D budget (tangible) ————————————————- †¢Company invests extensively in PR & advertising (intangible) ————————————————- Ownership of the manufacturing facilities and hence control over the working conditions of the employees versus other companies that contract out their manufacturing and can be accused of supporting poor labour conditions different markets (tangible) ——â €”—————————————- †¢ 350 engineers involve in R&D (tangible) ————————————————- †¢ Manufacturing plants in Malaysia and Singapore (tangible) ————————————————- †¢ 120 testing stations (tangible) ————————————————- †¢ Physical products. Space cube kitchen, vacuums, washing machine and air knives (tangible) ————————————————- †¢ Corporate culture, Dyson encourage their workers to think outside the box, the company mix experience engineers with freshly qualified to give them the chance to make a difference, entrepreneurial culture with a huge emphasis on innovation, creativity and initiative (intangible) ————————————————- †¢ Human resources: Dyson is committed to hiring people who are creative and courageous, unconditioned fresh-thinkers (tangible) ————————————————- Finance resources ————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- Dyson: distinctive competences ————————————————- †¢Inspirational leadership around the value of engineering (intangible) ————————————————- †¢Design engineering skills that transform ideas into practicable products (intangible) ————————————————- †¢Competence to make engineering aesthetically attractive (intangible) ————————————————- Seamless value chain despite design a nd manufacturing being in different locations (intangible) ————————————————- †¢Being one step ahead of competitors attracting customers and subsequent followers including premium pricing (intangible) ————————————————- †¢ Attractiveness of their product, never being boring; always being surprising and colourful (tangible) ————————————————- †¢ Marketing expertise (tangible) ————————————————- Manufacturing process, product design: combination of design engineering and manufacturing (tangible) ———— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- †¢ 50% of the profit goes on R&D (intangible) ————————————————- DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS All the key activities in Dyson value chain are intertwined due to very innovative approach to products. Dyson’s decision of moving manufacturing to Malaysia and Singapore was based on reduce cost of production but the profit was not the only reason. Very important was the short distance from the Asian suppliers and primary consumer market. Dyson’s shows very unorthodox approach towards by allocating 50% of their profit into R&D. It proves that it was the right decision by showing three new products; newer root cyclone technology, air-blade hand dryer and bladeless fans. (Arnott, 2010) While leaving its HQ in the UK to be close to centre of innovative technology and development. Their HQ is the centre of developing, testing and prototyping which employees 350 engineers. We cannot forget about inspirational leadership pertaining to the value of engineering and design engineering skills. Dyson’s employment strategy focuses on the recruitment of engineers and designers more than any other group of people. The HR philosophy in Dyson is ‘‘to nurture talent and challenge people to get the best from them’’. Recruited staffs typically follow a linear progression in moving up the ladder of their career. The Dyson website reports that there are 10 different types of benefits, staffs are entitled to. There are 2500 people working for Dyson around the world with a growing demand to recruit more engineers at the Wiltshire head office. Recruitment follows an online process and successful candidates are called for interviews where the best are selected. Dyson’s shows vibrant, entrepreneurial culture with a huge emphasis on innovation, creativity and initiative. Dyson don’t strap people into suit and plonk them behind desks. The staffs are encouraged to develop new ideas outside of the traditional boundaries. Question 2 To what extent do you think any of the capabilities can be imitated by competitors? VRIO FRAMWORK | Valuable? | Rare? | Costly to Imitate? | Exploitable by the Organisation? | Competitive Implications? | | NO| —| —| NO| Competitive Disadvantage| YES| NO| —|   | Competitive Parity| | YES| YES| NO|   | Temporary competitive advantage | | YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 1. Inspirational leadership | YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 2. J. Dyson| YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 3. R&D expertise| YES| YES| Y ES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 4. Physical products| YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 5. Manufacturing plants | YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 6. Design engineering skills | YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 7. The brand name| YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| 8. Corporate culture| YES| YES| YES| YES| Sustained competitive advantage| DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS In my opinion any capabilities can be imitated by competitors with exception of patents which are protected for the limited time period. Competition itself it doesn’t have to be the direct threat but in today’s world allow us close observation resulting in many cases in reverse engineering provoking technology improvements and finding more sufficient solutions. There in not such a thing as a well protected company. Dyson lost case in English Court with TTI) Market share among competitors does not relay on available technology only. There so many different factors like cost efficiency, marketing, advertising, location and so on and those factors are usually used for market domination in the same product range. Every competitive company could be categorizing by distinctive capabilities. Distinctive capabili ties are giving the particulars companies a distinctive edge directly related to market demands e. g. Electrolux – saving products, Dyson –eco-friendly or innovative appearance and Miele – reliability. Question 3 Which of Dyson’s distinctive capabilities may, over time, become threshold capabilities? Distinctive resources and competencies and its diversification rely on certain niche market. Not every consumer is preparing to pay a premium price for the product representing outstanding innovative look and design. Many of us are not prepare to do so because reliability and traditional brand name are the factors instigating our choices. Different companies relay on different strategy to maintain its market position and this is usually based on traditionally recognise distinctive competences, resources and capabilities. There are some companies with well establish markets names which are used by generation of consumers e. g. Electrolux or Miele. In the age of new technologies distinctiveness of the product will loose its grounds towards unification, which proves the point that distinctive resources, competences and capabilities will loose its outstanding values over unification. Dyson is based on innovated look targeting high end product users constantly reinvesting its profit towards new concepts and this idea is very alien for more conservative approach to well establish group of consumers. In my opinion you do try to repair something which is not broken. If the company will consequently follow the idea of JD towards mixing arts and engineering and investment of the huge portion of profit in R&D they will maintain its position in the market leadership. All of the sudden well established companies who dominated market for generations got over come by relatively speaking new comer Dyson Ltd. In order to reverse the situation there are force to rethink own market approach and adapt new ideas e. g. allocation funds for R&D, creativity in product appearance and implementation of new design and technologies. Question 4 Bearing in mind your answers to question 1 and 2, how crucial is Sir James Dyson to the future of the company? What might be the effect of his completely leaving or selling the company? In my opinion JD left the impact not own in his only company but also changed the approach of consumers market towards unusually innovative products. Instead of using straight path and follow existing concepts he is famous for introducing futuristic ideas. This is not easy to implement radically different products although he is doing this with the full determination. Relationship between unconventional design and markets needs is known not always in tune. In his concept thinking, testing, breaking, questioning will always find a group of devoted followers. From practical point of view his smart ideas of protecting his product by patents law secure the company position against the catching up competitors. He showed that simple household products could have very artsy design for which he could charge the premium price. His innovative approach includes unprecedented allocation of 50% of the profit towards R&D. By doing this Dyson is securing strong and save position of his company. Every strategic decision to resign his CEO position allows him to still have very strong impact on a product outcome by holding the key decision to innovated design. If he ever decides to leave or sell the company his legacy won’t be forgotten. This company maintain its leading status would probably prolong his vision in order to stay ahead of competition. If Dyson decides to sell the company and the new owner doesn’t follow his idea the company will become one of many without distinction. References: Arnott, S. , 2010. Dyson Profit Double Thanks to R&D Investment. The Independent, [online] 27 May, Available at http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/news/dyson-profits-double-thanks-to-rd-investment-1983841. html, [Accessed on 15/11/2011] Barney, J. B. , â€Å"Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage,† Journal of Management 17 (1991), p. 101, [Accessed on 10/11/2011] Campbell, D. , Stonehouse G et al. (2002) Business Strategy-An introduction, 2nd edition, page 40-50, [Accessed on 10/11/2011] Dess, G. G. , Lumpkin, G. T. , et al. , Strategic Management (Boston, McGraw Hill, 2004) pp. 141-148, [Accessed on 17/11/2011] Grand, R. M. Contemporary Strategy Analysis (Cambridge, England: Blackwell Business, 1991), pp. 100-102, [Accessed on 10/11/2011] Grant R. M. , (2006), Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 5th edition, page 146, [Accessed on 11/11/2011] Hitt M. A. , Ireland R. D. , et al. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, 4th ed. (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing, 2001), [Accessed on 17/11/201 1] Musa, Z. , 2009. Dyson to make Malaysia R&D centre. The star online, [Online 8 October], Available at http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2009/10/8/business/4864485&sec=business, [Accessed on 15/11/2011] M Porter (1990), Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, [Accessed on 10/11/2011] M. E Porter (1985) Competitive Advantage: New York: Free Press, [Accessed on 10/11/2011] Suderland, R. , 2011. Sir James Dyson furious as court rejects appeal over ‘copycat' design case. This is money. [Online 28 October], Available at http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2054304/Sir-James-Dyson-furious-court-rejects-appeal-copycat-design-case. html, [Accessed on 15/11/ 2011] http://bookshop. blackwell. co. uk/extracts/9780199203055_wetherly. pdf, [Accessed on 12/11/2011] http://www. yson. co. uk/insidedyson/article. asp? aID=jamesdyson&hf=0&js=, [Accessed 10/11/2011 http://www. guardian. co. uk/uk/2010/jun/22/budget-2010-corporation-tax-slashed-to-24p,accessed 11/11/2011 http://www. hse. gov. uk/news/index. htm, [Accessed on 17/11/2011] www. hoover. co. uk, [Accessed on 11/11/2010] http://www. hrmagazine. co. uk/news/999460/350-new-engineering-jobs-Dysons-laboratories-Wilts hire/, [Accessed on 12/11/2011] http://www. ingenia. org. uk/ingenia/articles. aspx? Index=171, [Accessed on 11/11/2011] http://www. vax. co. uk/about/, [Accessed on 10/11/2011]

The Good Woman of Setzguan Brecht

Tee's forced choice to become Shush Ta underscores the impossibility of good and veil's coexistence. Through Sheen Tee's exploitation by the family and the unemployed man and through the extravagant demands Of many Of her acquaintances, the playwright argues the selfishness and nonchalance which infect people's public relations, creating an ominous environment for good to exist in. Hence, he provides Sheen Et with a male self to supply her with characteristics acceptable for the masculine gender such s forcefulness, aggressiveness and determination, impressively succeeding in good and veil's parallel existence.Undoubtedly, the writer equips Sheen Et with the indispensable weapons – on Shush Tat's character – to survive society's cruelty while protecting her humanity, goodness and generosity – on her real character. Further in the play, Breech brings out love's obliteration within a selfish world through a woman's hopeless attempts to conceal her loving feelings a nd the pain of betrayal behind the mask of a powerful man. Yang Son's separate attempt to use Sheen Tee's love for the attainment of his dreams boldly shows the estrangement and inhumanity of the capitalistic society.On top of that, the confection of Shush Tat's character deftly highlights how much the emotional and sensitive disposition of the feminine belies the non- emotional and tough-skinned disposition of the masculine. Admittedly, Breech stirs the audience up by roughly displaying the protagonist fighting her own male creation, fragmented between her love and her need to resist manipulation and society's immense hypocrisy. Furthermore, Sheen Et making use of her male â€Å"other†, assures herself financially constructing a lucrative business which helps her through a rapacious society.The protagonist appears as a former prostitute, pregnant, in need of money and with her power doomed in a stupor by society taboos. Thus, she adopts a split personality to gain the determ ination and social approval which allow her to work and secure her family. As we can easily perceive, Shush Ta is the â€Å"means† to achieve two genders' coexistence despite their incompatible complexions and to display women's inferior position in he area of employment – causing them insuperable hardships – due to society stereotypes regarding their identity,.To conclude, Breech, through his ingenuity to create Sheen Tee's male â€Å"other†, not only underscores love and good's non-existence in a capitalistic and debased world, but also displays society discriminations against women who – cruelly oppressing their own nature – masculine themselves to survive. Undoubtedly, the playwright remarkably provokes audience and reader roughly revealing an appalling capitalism, unable to satisfy any kind of love, benevolence and justice.

Ben Franklin and Nathanial Hawthorne essays

Ben Franklin and Nathanial Hawthorne essays Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne were both very important to Americas early literature. Franklins Autobiography and Hawthornes My Kinsman, Major Molineux represents the extremes of leaving home. Franklin makes accomplishing the American dream of the self-made man look easy. Hawthorne, however, revises and critiques that dream, showing the harsh realities of the real world. Franklin reveals his life story as a way to show the people of America that determination, hard work, and intelligence lead to success, while Hawthorne describes the harsh world waiting once youth and innocence are gone. Benjamin Franklin and Robin, Hawthornes main character, leave home for different reasons. Franklin, in his autobiography, explains how he journeys to Philadelphia in search of a job and to start life on his own. Franklin wants independence and he knows he will find what he seeks. Franklin states, I took it upon me to assert my Freedom (194). Robin leaves his home with the idea of depending on his second cousin, dependence not independence. Robin journeys from his familys country farm to the city in search of his kinsman, Major Molineux, with hopes that his kinsman will help him get started in life. Hawthorne writes, The Major... had thrown out hints respecting the future establishment of one of them in life. It was therefore determined that Robin should profit by his kinsmans generous intentions (801). Franklin and Robins arrival to the new towns embody the two authors feelings toward the idea of the self made man. Franklin and Robin arrival to their new destinations are drastically different. Franklin arrives in Philadelphia during the day, hungry, and dirty. Franklins determination keeps him going. He buys bread to eat, cleans himself up, and sets out straight away to find himself a job. He finds one within short time, I return...

Free Essays on Ecriture Feminine

of our present language it would be unfair to call a dictionary a graveyard. Language is ‘A human system of communication which uses structure vocal sounds and can be embodied in other media such as writing, print and physical signs. Most linguistics currently regard the faculty of language as a defining characteristic of being human.’ Écriture feminine is a mode or style of writing that took form in the late 60’s. It is not a pattern wholly advocated to women as the name might suggest but is a practice of writing that requires openness and multiplicity of a text, something that writers such as Cixous believe difficult to find amongst the work of male writers. Écriture feminine does not have a finite meaning. It allows itself open to various interpretations linking it to Intertextuality. Intertextuality states that the text is not an isolated object but rather a compilation of cultural textuality. ‘Texts have no unity or unified meaning on their own, they are thoroughly connected to an on going cultural and social process’ . Écriture feminine looks at the relationship between writing and subjectivity, sexuality and social change. Through Écriture feminine we cannot view masculine and feminine in the same context as male and female. ‘Female refers to a biological state, feminine refers to a cultural ideology of womanhood and feminist: a mode of social and political thought and action (Toril Moi). In this case the male species can effectively be authors of Écriture feminine and Cixous sees this in writers such as Kleist, Joyce and Genet. It had been until the last century that the pen had been deeply associated with the male, as was all forms of learned behaviour. This way of life gave rise the u... Free Essays on Ecriture Feminine Free Essays on Ecriture Feminine THE QUESTION OF ECRITURE FEMININE AND THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN: discuss with examples of close readings from of the texts. ‘Dictionaries are graveyards of language’ . Since dictionaries contain all the words of our present language it would be unfair to call a dictionary a graveyard. Language is ‘A human system of communication which uses structure vocal sounds and can be embodied in other media such as writing, print and physical signs. Most linguistics currently regard the faculty of language as a defining characteristic of being human.’ Écriture feminine is a mode or style of writing that took form in the late 60’s. It is not a pattern wholly advocated to women as the name might suggest but is a practice of writing that requires openness and multiplicity of a text, something that writers such as Cixous believe difficult to find amongst the work of male writers. Écriture feminine does not have a finite meaning. It allows itself open to various interpretations linking it to Intertextuality. Intertextuality states that the text is not an isolated object but rather a compilation of cultural textuality. ‘Texts have no unity or unified meaning on their own, they are thoroughly connected to an on going cultural and social process’ . Écriture feminine looks at the relationship between writing and subjectivity, sexuality and social change. Through Écriture feminine we cannot view masculine and feminine in the same context as male and female. ‘Female refers to a biological state, feminine refers to a cultural ideology of womanhood and feminist: a mode of social and political thought and action (Toril Moi). In this case the male species can effectively be authors of Écriture feminine and Cixous sees this in writers such as Kleist, Joyce and Genet. It had been until the last century that the pen had been deeply associated with the male, as was all forms of learned behaviour. This way of life gave rise the u...

LANG Surname Meaning and Family History

LANG Surname Meaning and Family History The last name Lang originated as a descriptive surname given to an unusually tall individual, from the Old English lang or long, meaning long or tall. LANGE is a common German variant, while LANG is more prevalent in Scotland and northern England. LONG is another common English variant. Lang may also have originated as a Hungarian surname, from  lng, meaning flame, perhaps a descriptive name for a passionate individual, or for someone who worked with fire, such as a blacksmith. The Lang surname is also found in China,  adopted by descendants of the founder of  Lang City in the state of Lu. Lange  is the 26th most common German surname, while  Lang is the 46th most common.  Long is the 86th most popular surname in the United States. Surname Origin: German, Scottish, English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Chinese Alternate Surname Spellings:  LANGE, LONG, LUNG, LAING, DE LANGE Famous People with the LANG  Surname Fritz Lang  - Austrian-born film directorDavid Lange -  former New Zealand prime ministerJessica Lange  - American actressJosephine Lang - German composerAlgot Lange - Swedish explorerJoseph Lange - Vienna actor and painter; Mozarts brother-in-law Where Is the LANG Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the Lang surname is most common in Austria, where it ranks 24th in the nation, followed by Germany (35th), Switzerland (61st), Luxembourg (104th), Liechtenstein (132nd), China (193rd) and Vietnam (203rd). The Lange spelling of the surname, on the other hand, is most common in Germany (26th), followed by Greenland (47th) and Denmark (107th). Lang is more common in the United States than Lange. WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates a similar distribution, with the greatest percentage of individuals named Lang in Austria, followed by Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. Lange is most common in Germany, especially northern Germany, followed by Denmark. Genealogy Resources for the Surname LANG Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Lang  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Lang  family crest or coat of arms for the Lang surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. LANG  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Lang  ancestors around the world. There is also a separate message board for discussion of the Lange surname. FamilySearch - LANG  GenealogyExplore over 5.8  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Lang surname and variations such as Lange on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. LANG  Surname Mailing ListA free mailing list for researchers of the Lang  surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. They also host  a mailing list for the Lange surname. DistantCousin.com - LANG  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Lang. GeneaNet - Lang  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Lang  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Lang  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Lang  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408

The Impact of Cross Border Mergers between the Other Countries and the Dissertation

The Impact of Cross Border Mergers between the Other Countries and the UK - Dissertation Example For instance, when the Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged, both the companies stopped to exist and in their place DaimlerChrysler was formed. Cross border mergers are those mergers where the involved companies are set up in different countries. They comprise of a growing percentage of all the mergers. The cross border mergers are of two kinds, viz., the inward cross border mergers and the outward cross border mergers. In the inward cross border merger, the entire or parts of domestic companies are put up for sale to overseas investors, which result in inward movement of capital. In the case of an outward cross border merger, the domestic companies purchase the entire or segments of foreign companies resulting in outward flow of capital (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Economic Analysis and Statistics Division, 2003). Cross-border mergers are a very significant occurrence in the global economy. They encompass greater than 50% of all the foreign direct investment taking place in the world (Gugler & Et. Al., 2003). Companies engage in cross border merger activities for various motives, such as intensification of their market position, growing their business, getting hold of the other company’s complementary resources, and to improve their efficiency by global business reorganization among others. During the period from 1995-2001, the United Kingdom was the second target nation after the United States for cross border inward mergers. During the same period, the United Kingdom was leading acquiring country, with most number of outward overseas mergers (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Economic Analysis and Statistics Division, 2003). Cross Border Mergers continued to contribute for a major percentage of annual global foreign direct investment flows till 2007. The overseas mergers were the chief mode of foreign direct investment entry to other countries, and consequently the primary reason for the boom in the global foreign direct investment market during the phase from 2003 to 2007. However, during 2008, due to the impact of the global financial crisis, the number of cross border mergers as well as acquisitions plunged. The decline in the overall cross border mergers has had a considerable effect on the Foreign Direct Investment flows. This was because, the flow of Foreign Direct Investment are strongly interrelated with the worth of the overall overseas merger transactions. There was a major reduction in the cross border merger activities in both the manufacturing as well as the services sector from 2008 to 2009. There was also an apparent relative swing towards the non-financial services, such as the food, beverages sector, during the same period. An impressive rise in the investments in agriculture and other associated activities through cross bo rder mergers was recorded during 2007-2008 (Burksaitiene, 2010). The research objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of the 2008 financial crisis that led to a global economic depression on the field of cross border mergers as an important investment method in the United Kingdom. The study also explores the major expansion opportunities and also the difficulties relating to the cross border mergers in the United Kingdom. The study also discusses the cross border mergers in details, including the advantages of investing through

Social divisions are now much less significant than they were fifty Essay

Social divisions are now much less significant than they were fifty years ago. Discuss - Essay Example It shall compare divisions in gender and family roles both 50 years ago and today. And it shall also discuss the current continuation of class divisions and the exploitation of women in the home and in the workplace. Social divisions are less significant now than they were fifty years ago. With the advent of women’s liberation and anti-discrimination laws, men and women can now share the same opportunities and privileges in their work. Society has also largely discarded its outdated ideas about ethnic and cultural disparities in society and in the workplace. Women in the 1950s and 1960s were indeed being allowed to join the workforce, however, â€Å"women continued to earn considerably less than men for doing the same job, regardless of whether they worked in a factory of office, or in a profession such as teaching or nursing† (Cliffsnotes, 2009). Even when women were exerting the same effort or even more effort than men in the same job, women were still being paid the same wages or even less than the men. Such was the life of the working women 50 years ago. The 1950s also typified women as housewives. They were expected to stay at home and take care of the home and the children while their husbands were off to work. Any hint of independence they showed was not encouraged nor was it supported by their families and by society in general. And â€Å"the fact that so many women worked outside home ran counter to the myth in popular culture that emphasized the importance of traditional gender roles† (Cliffsnotes, 2009). The media, television, magazines, and advertisements in general all catered to the traditional idea of the women’s role in society and in the home. And when women started to break out of this traditional mould, they were discriminated against and not given the same chances and opportunities as the men. â€Å"Domestic ideology encouraged the post-war housewife to pursue his wifely duties, and post-war developments

Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting Standards - Essay Example In china they follow the Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) while companies in the United States of America follow the Genarally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Phelps (2003), states that a political influence is one of the serious problems facing accounting standard setting. This is because political influence will tend to make the standards in a certain way either to benefit some people or to be damaging to some. Some countries have come up with their own accounting standards which are somehow different from the internationally accepted standards. By doing so, they favor their respective economy for it to do better than the other economies. Members of the Financial Accounting Standards Board responded to accusations that they had given in to political pressure by saying that they could not do anything to stop political influence, but they were lobbying for the independence of the Financial Accounting Standards Board from political influence and that more should be done to st op political influences from interfering in accounting standards issues (Phelps, 2003). Politically influencing accounting standards has resulted in negative effects. For example, the current economic crisis in Europe and other countries can be partly attributed to political influence in the standardization on accounting (Botzem, 2012). Since governments influenced on accounting issues such as lending, banks gave out a lot of money without following the internationally accepted guidelines of accounting. This led to enormous debts and fallouts leading to companies and business institution falling. It also resulted in job cuts and general poor economy. Another effect of political influence on accounting standardization is that it results in some people gaining a lot of income at the expense of others suffering tremendously huge loses. This happens when the standards are intentionally set to benefit some people thereby making them to benefit from intentional manipulation of standards. This goes against the accounting principle which stipulates that all accounting standards should be of equal benefit to all parties. According to Botzem (2012), political influence on standardization of accounts results in increased fraud, criminal activities, terrorism and money laundering. This is because people involved in fraud and money laundering use political influence to make changes in accounting standards in order for them to legitimize their illegal income. This has played a huge role particularly in the drug business, money laundry and terrorism. Terrorist activities have been funded through accounting loopholes created as a result of political influences. Drug lords and money launders have used political influence to create loopholes in accounting standards for them to legitimize the money there have acquired through their illegal business. Executives of large business organization have used political influence in accounting standards to avoid releasing poor results. Th is results in investors and stockholders losing their money since they invest in companies which fail to post financial accounts revealing loses. Investors and stockholders invest a lot of funds in business organizations that are falling without their knowledge hence losing a lot of money. Political influences in the setting of accounting standards have limited and hindered international trading. This occurs   as a result of different accounting standards in different regions. Some business organizations have been limited to doing business with other firms in their respective regions due to the presence of different acco

Iraq in the post-Hashemite era & Saddam Hussein and the Ba'th party Essay

Iraq in the post-Hashemite era & Saddam Hussein and the Ba'th party - Essay Example The US led by George Bush invaded Iraq leading to destruction of property and people. The country was in shambles. Consequently, Iran got an opportunity to help its longtime partner in trade and diplomatic ties. Iran responded by provision of goods and service to Iraq to help in the reconstruction of the nation. However, the two nations fought due to the territorial conflicts. The territory between the two nations is oil-rich. This situation led to war between the two nations. According to Tripp, the US had assumed the crucial part in the toppling of the authoritarian government in Iraq by expelling Saddam Hussein from the steerage of the state2. It was assumed as an issue of grave risk to the United States around then focused around discernment reports of Iraq assembling weapons of mass decimation. The results of the Iraq War ought to be looked upon all things considered so as to accept our assumption about sensible clarification3. It respects Americas change of conciliatory connection in the national governmental issues of any country under the impact of the tumultuous times of the Arab

Strategy and change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategy and change management - Essay Example With the aim to reduce the operational cost several business enterprises engaged in the airline industry decided to merge. The year 2008 marked the emergence of the world’s largest airline named Delta after the successful merger of two proclaimed organizations namely Delta Airlines, Inc and Northwest Airline Corp. The capability of the newly developed airline company increased as a result of the merger. Northwest Airline is now a subsidiary of the former organization. The low cost airlines seem to compete in the market where the density of passengers is high and in such a market the low cost airlines can enjoy the competitive advantages. They offer timely services and the low cost acts as the catalyst in driving the travellers to the airlines booking offices. In the airline industry the economies of scale theory has a major role to play. The density of traffic allows the airline organizations to offer such low fares and is a prime feature of the industry. The economies of scale theory also bring some non price benefits along with it. The airline companies try to compete with the tool of product d ifferentiation and the quality customer service seems to make up the other tools of competition. The airline operators in Europe and America had to face turbulences during the period of downturn. The competition revolved around fares, service and operational efficiency. The over reliance on the market of North America has been one of the reason for the turbulence for the company under consideration. The topic of merger and acquisition is a topic of discussion in the airline industry. The price of fuel and the increased cost of operation have acted to shuffle the balance of the forecasted growth for the airline operators. The assignment will take into consideration the significance of the merger that exists between Delta Airlines and Northwest Airlines. In 2008 the two companies discussed

Iraq in the post-Hashemite era & Saddam Hussein and the Ba'th party Essay

Iraq in the post-Hashemite era & Saddam Hussein and the Ba'th party - Essay Example The US led by George Bush invaded Iraq leading to destruction of property and people. The country was in shambles. Consequently, Iran got an opportunity to help its longtime partner in trade and diplomatic ties. Iran responded by provision of goods and service to Iraq to help in the reconstruction of the nation. However, the two nations fought due to the territorial conflicts. The territory between the two nations is oil-rich. This situation led to war between the two nations. According to Tripp, the US had assumed the crucial part in the toppling of the authoritarian government in Iraq by expelling Saddam Hussein from the steerage of the state2. It was assumed as an issue of grave risk to the United States around then focused around discernment reports of Iraq assembling weapons of mass decimation. The results of the Iraq War ought to be looked upon all things considered so as to accept our assumption about sensible clarification3. It respects Americas change of conciliatory connection in the national governmental issues of any country under the impact of the tumultuous times of the Arab

Market Challengers, Market Followers and Market Nichers Essay

Market Challengers, Market Followers and Market Nichers - Essay Example In Information Technology markets, however the companies do not hesitate in openly comparing their features with those of the competition by publishing named comparison tables between specific models - like Apple Macintosh compared with Microsoft Windows, Red Hat Linux compared with Microsoft Windows, IBM storage model compared with HP storage model, etc. These comparisons are printed in brochures that are sent to the decision making personnel of organizations through channel partners. The author has come across decision making documents written by IT managers in comparing between such companies by carefully studying what each vendor in competition presents in comparison with others. The brochures indicate kind of cut throat competition among vendors whereby the negative parts of the competition are highlighted promptly by each vendor - the fight is to influence the decision maker as much as possible in their favour. Example of Market Follower Market followers do not attempt to achieve drastic changes in consumer attitudes towards new innovations because they are scared of the back firing of such strategies. However, Banbury and Mitchell (1995) argue that "firms that define themselves as pioneers tend to garner greater market share than those that define themselves as followers". In Croatia a number of local food outlets try to design their fast food products in line with popular chains like McDonald and Pizza Hut but none of them attract consumers to the extent companies like McDonald and Pizza Hut are able to, in spite of keeping lower prices or offering discount schemes. The author himself feels reluctance in going to such joints given their strategy of just following the established brands and only visits them just for occasional change of taste. As per Banbury and Mitchell (1995), even slight innovations in established products can improve the market share of companies if they are able to tangibly demonstrate them to the consumers. Example of Market Nicher The concept of niche market positioning to establish: (a) Organization's own niche markets (b) Consumers possessing distinctive choices (c) Socio-demographic positions associated with consumers and their corresponding choices (d) Niche products matching consumer choices [Hannan and Carroll et al. 2003] In Croatia, Oracle is perceived to be targeting niche markets. In the author's auditing assignments, it was discovered that Oracle's products are priced much higher than the competitive products by Microsoft and IBM by virtue of certain features that are unmatched by the competition and the choice of some IT managers running mission critical applications who never look forward to any other database products (they call it RDBMS) than Oracle. Also, Oracle is found to be non-flexible in their pricing strategies and kind of unwilling to compete in the market segments where Microsoft & IBM are popular. The author could

Media Use in Identity Construction Essay Example for Free

Media Use in Identity Construction Essay In society today the construction of a personal identity can be seen to be somewhat problematic and difficult. Young people are surrounded by influential imagery, especially that of popular media. It is no longer possible for an identity to be constructed merely in a small community and only be influenced by family. Nowadays, arguably everything concerning out lives is seen to be ‘media-saturated’. Therefore, it is obvious that in constructing an identity young people would make use of imagery derived from the popular media. For example, it is becoming increasingly common for young children to have their own television and music systems in their bedrooms whilst also having easy and frequent access to magazines especially aimed at the ‘developing’ child and/or teenager. Such young people would also have a way of accessing the Internet be it at school or sometimes at home. However, it is fair to say that in some instances the freedom of exploring the web could be limited depending on the choice of the parents or teachers. So, if young people have such frequent access and an interest in the media, it is fair to say that their behaviour and their sense of ‘self’ will be influenced to some degree by what they see, read, hear or discover for themselves. Such an influence may include a particular way of behaving or dressing to the kind of music a person chooses to listen to. These are all aspects which go towards constructing a person’s own personal identity. By close investigation into the popular media, and by using two specific examples of a popular teen magazine and a recent ‘teenage’ hit single that got to number 2 in the British charts, I intend to illustrate the various ways in which young people make use of imagery derived from popular media in the construction of their identities.

Employee Resistance to Change: Dissertation

Employee Resistance to Change: Dissertation Chapter 1- Introduction Change comes from anywhere, and is the only constant. Propelled by the driving force of technology and globalization, the economic landscape continuously transform in a way that has come to undermine the relevance of received wisdom on how a firm should be managed and what underlies its success (Gregory Prastacos, et al., 2002). In this new millennium, it is more challenging for an organization to sustain its competency or even survive in the diversity market. When an organization is threatened by environmental changes such as crisis or competition, it results in the increasing needs for communication as technology develops rapidly and higher customer demands will be foreseen. Organizational change is not an option; it constitutes a fundamental necessity for success within the new competitive landscape (Hamel and Prahalad, 1996). An organization need to evaluate its performance and review its business strategies, corporate structure, operational process and HR policies to identify th e areas that need transformation. To maintain its competitive advantages,ÂÂ  an organization must make effort to implement changes accordingly. Usually changes to be made in an organization is for the seeking of extending the ability of the organization to achieve the strategic goals but sometime changes do not necessarily contribute to the improvement of the organization (Stroh, 2001). The expected result of the change might vary due to other unexpected factors, such as resistance to change. Resistance is a phenomenon that affects the change process, delaying or slowing down its beginning, obstructing or hindering its implementation, and increasing its costs (Ansoff, 1990). Effect of resistance of changes in organization will cause distorted perception, interpretation barriers and vague strategic priorities, low motivation among the people and lack of creative response (Val, 2003). It is crucial for change initiators to deal with resistance for a successful change. Forasmuch as employees are the one who get the job done, and they the one who possess the knowledge, skills, tools and experiences, it is clear that organizational changes cannot be achieved without employees support and involvement. Employee acceptance and commitment are the key factors for successful changes. Effective change management should recognize the importance of its employees and the way to minimize the resistant from employees. Therefore, understand why it is caused, the forms of resistance and the factors determine employees reactions to change is significant. 1.1 Research Objective This research will study on the factors of resistance to change from employees prospective. The aim of this research is to review the factor and find out the correlates among the factors. By better understanding these which a shift in perception could occur, the paper hope to develop a framework to change initiators of how certain group of employees is the likely to react and behave to change that being unleashed by the value and perception, this knowledge will enable change initiators to design change plan and training programs which recognize the values of employees, and to interact with diverse others in order to optimize the expected change affect. The research attempt to explore the followings areas as a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project study: To identify the natural of employee resistance to change. To identify the symptoms of employee resistance to change. To identify the reasons of employee resistance to change To determine the various factors to effect employees resistance to changes. To evaluate the effect of these factors on organizations future development. 1.2 Chapter Summary Chapter 1 of Introduction has provided a background of the circumstances that force organization to change, and examined the inevitable resistance can undermined organizational change. By identifying the importance of employee in the organizational change, research objectives were generated to study on the resistance of change from employees perspectives and listed done the areas of the study to be explored on. The research was planned in a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project. Next chapter of this project will touch on a review of current literatures on the natural, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and factors affect employee resistance, followed by the research methodology, samples and limitation of the research. The subsequent chapter will be the questionnaire data analysis presentation and lastly the paper will conclude the findings and its implications for change initiators. The aim of this research is to review the factors that affect employee resistance and evaluate it thought the target samples. Chapter 2- Literature Review 2.1 Employee Resistance to Change 2.1.1 The nature Organizations can be confronted with incremental changes that focus on doing things better through a process of continuous tinkering, adaptation and modification or transformational changes that are regarded as revolutionary and break with the past.(John Hayes, 2010) Although the incremental changes rarely presented any abrupt challenges to the assumptions people make about how they related to the world (John Hayes, 2010), this is not always that case. People are not duplicate, the values, beliefs, assumption and knowledge of that person will be developed over the time, formed as a set of personal opinion, perceptions, views of the world to guide their behaviors (Hallie Preskill and Rosalie Torres, 1999). It is concerned with whether employees regards view change can bring present or future personal benefit and opportunities or change is a threat to their job, skills or any other interests. The implementation of changes inevitably involves the vital interests of various shareholders, and especially employees.Resistance occurs since most employees desire to be successful in their work environments due to they have basic needs which must be satisfied. To begin with, employees want to know their role and their responsibilities within the organization. In additional, employees want to be able to predict what they will face in the future (Appelbaum, S.H. et al, 1998). Even though old procedures that were initially regarded as cumbersome, costly or ineffective, after a prolonged recursive execution, employees become comfortable and are used to the ways things were done. Employee might fear in a changing organization, therefore change are frequently be seen as a threat to ones existence within an organization if upgrading or acquiring new skills are a problem because of time constraints , or the inability of the person to learn these new techniques. Change within an organizational setting usually poses several problems and challenged by the pressure in aspect of money , ego, and power for those who resist it. Employees resist change because they have learned to associate it negative feelings since their basic needs may now be threatened (Mealiea, 1978). Thus it is human nature that employees look at Change negatively, resistance thereby coming into play. 2.1.2 The symptoms Resistance, described by Kilian M. Bennebroek Gravenhorst (2003) is commonly considered to be standard or even natural in reaction to organizational change. It is described as an most inevitable psychological and organizational response that seems to apply to any kind of change, ranging from rather modest improvement to far-reaching change and organizational transformation. Symptoms are the specific behaviors exhibited when employee resistance to change (Albert F. Bolognese, 2002) According to Bhutan (1995), it is important to distinguish between the symptoms of resistance to change and the causes behind them. Symptoms can be reflected in varies of forms, which Marc Maltz (2008) categorized it into the two varieties: overt and covert. Overt resistance is concern with obvious opposition, disagreement, arguing, debating, etc., to any change effort. While, covert resistance comes in two forms: one is conscious covert which employees are concerned about the consequences of their actions that they apparently agreed but actually not following though or withhold information and avoid implementation. Secondly is the unconscious covert resistance, which is the most difficult to see symptoms among employees as employees are unaware their resistance. 2.1.3 The Reasons There are many causes attribute to employees resistance to change, such as Coch French (1948), studied the workers of a clothing manufacturer and find that lower employee participitation causing the mistrust of management and increase their resistance to change. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) identify four common reasons why people resist organizational change: people focus on their own interest and fear of losing something of value, it can be power and status, autonomy and control, or specific skills; Misunderstanding the change will cost them more than they will gain and lack of trust to the person who initiating change; Different assessment of the necessity and benefit of change situations; Low tolerance for change, sometimes people just resist to change emotionally even they understand the need for change. Several studies have acknowledged what Kotter and Schlesingers publication and enhance these categories with further researches, according to Prosci- A business process reengin eering directory and resource companys study (2003) in past six years in 288 organizations from 51 countries, result shows the top reasons employee resist to change is because of corporate history and culture, which the organizations past performance of change project failed or did not make much sense, employees are less interested to take initiatives to support the current change, they are not in the flavor the month , thus employee expected it go away like what happened in the past. Lorenzo (2000) also acknowledge that one attribute to employees resistance is that past failures leaves negative image for future changes. Another reason added on in Prosci (2003)s research is that employee often opposes to change because of the added job responsibilities, new processes or technologies. Changes with lower motivation to get employees involved and less consideration of employees interest and their emotional and perceptual perspectives thereby eliminate their initiatives and level of comm itment. Pardo Del Val, Manuela and Martinez Fuentes, Clara (2005) conclude above sources to employees resistance are most likely happen in change formulation stage, they further identify some reason rise resistance that consist of: (a) organizational values in relation to change values that cause a strong implementation climate to determine whether employee to accept or oppose to change; (b) departmental politics that form employees resistance. 2.2 Factors affect employees resistance to change Literatures have identified variety of factors affect employee resistance to change, the most cited views of the factors fall on the organizational level, for instance the communication process, employee participation, change facilitation procedures in change process (Ricky Griffin ,2008) to improve organizational effectiveness. Moreover, employee motivation (David Clarence and McClelland, 1987) and quality of leadership (Ken W. Parry, 1999) have been widely acknowledged to have influence on employees work initiatives, involvement and commitment, so that it can argues to be a significant factor to affect employees willingness to change. Above factors virtually are the ways to deal with the subtext of organizational humanity on the stage of change process. However, one must understand the root factors played to affect employees perception towards organizational change. Fail to understand the intrinsic factors govern employees values and beliefs guided behavior in the context of the way they were doing and expected in the future, and all the necessities organization attempt or should to do to implement and facilitate change is crucial. Therefore, the research will mainly explore on the personal factors played to affect employee resistance to change including age, gender, personality traits (Locus of control) and employee educational level as follows: 2.2.1Age Baby Boomers refer to people who are born between 1945-1964. This generation grew up in an era of unprecedented economic growth and stability, so as to be regarded as a generation that finds comfort with long term employment with one organization. This has provided them with a false sense of stability (Loomis, 2000).Their perceived working values emphasize on chain of command, teamwork, technically challenged, team work and loyal to employer As they born after War II, which they entered the economic boom era, Money and job security such as life time employment are definitely extremely important for them to sustain their living. In this regard, it is argued that Baby Boomers are easier to accept organizational change as their working value of chain of command which they tend to commit to the hierarchical order. Moreover, the inception of organization loyalty also attributes them to be more committed rather than resistant or any other negative reactions. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003) Another neuropsychological research held by (Stanford University professor Laura L. Carstensen et al. 2000) on the relationship between age and emotional experiences found that the periods of highly positive emotional experience were more likely to endure among older people and periods of highly negative emotional experience were less stable. With age, older adults report relatively low levels of worrying (Sandra Hunt, Patricia Wisocki and Julianne Yanko, 2003), experience less anger (Schieman,1999), and have lower levels of emotional distress after natural disasters (Bolin Klenow, 1982-1983). The implication of these findings are older employees have better capability to regulate their negative emotions with organizational change and adjust themselves to adapt the environment.Employees adaptability has been seen a key attribute to a successful organizational change (Heslin , 2005). Compared with Baby Boomers, Generation X refers to those people who were born between 1965 to 1980. This generation of employee tend to more independent, self-motivated and self-sufficient (Loomis, 2000). This is because most X generations did not have enough of their family attention as children because their parent may have been single or working parents. X generations therefore became adaptive at handling things on their own and in their own ways. Their work value is perceived more on personal satisfaction, and their attitudes towards work are focus on flexibility empowerment, loyal to skills. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003). Hence, when the change conflict with their own interest such as against what they used to do , their skills, or leave less empowerment to them, they will feel unmotivated towards to commit to the change. However, David J. OConnell, Eileen McNeely and Douglas (2004) argue that since Xers entered the workforce under the employment of deal, in which career planning and development are largely individual responsibilities and where the average worker can expect to make several changes during their working lives. In this regards, it seems like Xers are more adaptive to change. However, there are also many scholars debate the relationship between the age and the personal adaptability to change, such as Mirvis and Hall, 1996. Recent research held by OConell, McNeely and Hall, 2008 also support this assertion, reporting that age is limited measured as a categorical variable namely the characteristics about an individual . 2.2.2 Gender Although many literatures have acknowledged the impact of gender difference on the management practice, there had been little systematic attention focus on identifying the gender roles on effective change management relatively. Feminist perspectives have tended to highlight not only the impact of organizational change on womens relatively marginalized position but also the role of women in the change management (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Jamie L, Michael G and Homer Tolson (2005) research findings suggest that there is a difference between male and female executive of their emotional expressiveness, and women are regarded to process better skill at encoding and decoding emotions (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008). Emotions are intensive feelings that are directed at someone or something (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010). Goleman-the founder of emotional intelligence theory also mentioned that women are good at reading others feelings than men averagely in his book pub lished in 1995. The skills to encode and decode emotions generally have advantage to develop and maintain relationships (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008), because skilled encoders have ability to express their internal emotional state so that other people can decode their emotions more easily and accurately (Burgoon and Bacue, 2003). In this regard, the chances such as misunderstanding and conflict due to implicit or unclear message delivered or received prone to be decreased, the communication becomes more easily and effective. In many literatures, communication has been widely acknowledged as a useful approach to eliminate resistance to change. Therefore, women are deems to be more successfully engaged in change circumstances. Maddock (1999) added that Women focus on relational aspect of how to do things, while men tend to be expected to think what to do. It appears that women are emotionally discreet on how they are going to process the information, express and interpret their view points to react to change before making any decision. Combined with womens secondary position in labor market due to gender discrimination, especially in Confucian countries, in addition to their greater responsibilities in family and child care than men, which cause women are relatively powerless to challenge the situation (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Hence Melissa argues that women in change management appear to be positioned as performing an interpersonal function associated with safety; providing security in times of unexpected turbulence and anticipating. On the basis of these arguments, it seems that women tend to avoid conflict in working in this regard and to accept the change accordingly. 2.2.3 Personality Traits Some people are quiet and reserved, while others are aggressive and outgoing. Some people are trustworthy, some are not. People differ with each other in various dimensions as a result of different behavior and attitude towards things in personal life and working. The individuals differences are shaped by personalities (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010) Personality refers to the traits and characteristics that make individuals unique (Greenberg and Baron, 2002). The most frequent used definition of personality was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years ago which he commented that personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. Personality thus becomes an important reason mangers need to know to generate a view of employees likely behaviors and examine their coping reaction. Meselaar and Cozijnsen (1997) further highlighted the personality is a determinate of individ ual reaction to organizational change. Locus of control refers to the degree people believe their own behaviours determine what happens to them. People believes they have more control over their destiny are referred as internal, and people who believe they have less control over their life and the results are attributing to the will of God, or to the fortune of being born in the right social class or family are referred as external. At this point, it is suggested that people behave differently towards change. Wilson (1992) developed an approach referred as determinism to study change management portrays the manager and other organizational members as pawns affected by change rather than as agents who can initiate and secure change. Their ability to influence is limited because of the main determinates lie outside the organization. John Hayes (2010) argues that those who are overcommitted deterministic view of change may be inclined to believe that the locus of control is external to themselves and the organization and may therefore develop view that there is little they can do to influence events. Hence, people who think this way is less likely to attempt to adopt a proactive approach to the management of change than those who have more internal view about locus of control. 2.2.4 Educational Level Although there were not many literatures specifically emphasize the employees educational level to their resistance to organizational change, it is widely acknowledged (e.g.: George H. McCall, Karl E. Ristow and Daniel J. Cimini, 2004) that higher education improves employees personal management, time management, communication skills and problem solving skills. Higher education defined by Roberg (1987) refers to the instruction that was obtained at university or colleague. According to Thomas Kent Gaylor (2001)s research on 286 police officer from two North Texas Police department in 2001, result shows no significance relationship between the educational level and employees openness to change. However the limitation of his research was lack of variation in respondents education level. Nevertheless, the author believe that higher education of employees will be more likely to support and commit organization change with more positive thinking of why the change is needed, hence the resea rch intend to do further evaluation with different samples on the relationship of educational level to employee resistance to change since it is a logic factor that higher education equipped with employees more knowledge and broader thinking and believe, which reduce the tendency to be dogmatic and to be more creative. 2.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 2 of Literature Review has explored on the current literatures on employee resistance to change in terms of the natural, symptoms and reasons. The inevitable resistances from employee impulse the research to further find out the factors that affect employee resistance to change. The research noted many factors including communication process, employee participations, change facilitation process, employee motivation and quality of leadership, and lastly mainly reviewed the personal factors played consist of age, gender, personality traits (locus of control) and employee educational level influence various aspects from values and beliefs and emotions as a result of different behavior and levels of adaptability reacted to change After exposit the literature review of factors affect employees resistance to change, the paper will tackle the main objectives of this research. Starting with the description of research methodology, samples and limitation of the research, then paper will touch on the analysis part of the questionnaire, to examine the reflected results against with the literatures reviewed earlier on, so as to evaluate its universality of the factors in the sampling organization. Chapter 3- Research Methodology 3.1 Secondary Research The research was carried out at the beginning though a secondary research to review the current literatures on the areas of the study, which contains of the nature, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and the factors affect employee resistance to change from a more intrinsic view by looking at employee personal factors. The factors focus on the employees adaptability to change determined by age and gender, one dimension of personality traits -locus of control, and employee educational level. The information is collected from textbooks, journals and articles from reliable and creditable online Journal Publications, National Library and Campus Library. 3.2 Primary Research In order to evaluate the factors been presented in literature review, the research will primarily employ questionnaires as the main methodologies for information gathering. The questionnaire will be carried out with various employees working in a large organization. The methods allow directly and original information to be gathered from participants. Questionnaire results are to be consolidated, and will be analyzed using various questionnaire analyze techniques, to interpret the data. The main reason of using questionnaire and interview is because data is collected directly from specific target respondents. Interviewers have the ability to ask extra intensive questions of the respondent concerning survey responses. 3.2.1 Research Samples The research was conducted using data collected from a large size agribusiness organization located in Singapore, mainly doing palm oil plantation and trading. The reason of choosing this organization is because it is currently undergoing turbulence and change on merger with one small size palm oil trading company and one ship chartering company. And it also has experienced many merger and change in the past. Therefore the target samples of the questionnaire participants in the organization must have many varies views on organizational change to enable the research generate more practical reflections from employees perspective on organizational change and change effect on them, aims to evaluate the universality application of all those factors on employee resistance to change presented in literature on the target sampling. The questionnaire attempt to invite 150 employees in this organization from four departments who are affected by the merger plan, respectively 25 employee from IT department, 35 employees from logistic department, 25 employee from finance department and 65 employees from operation department. 3.2.2 Limitation of This Research During the research, data collected could be deviated due to limitation in the research methodology as follows: Data may not represent the entire population due to the limitation of sampling size As the four department employees may experience different kinds of minor changes in their department respectively, whether the change offend their interest or not might bring subjective bias towards their response to the questionnaire, hence the accuracy of data collected will be deviated. Respondent who experience the past organizational change may bring different perceptions towards new change. The choice of the question may limited respondents response. 3.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 presented the methodology of this research which employed on secondary research to review the current literatures on the area of the study, and also the primary research using questionnaires to collect data. Research Samples chosen was a large agribusiness organization who is experiencing turbulence and undergoing merger and work structural change. The limitations of the research were also discussed including the sample size, respondents bias, past organizational change experience as well as the choice of questions may also affect the accuracy of the survey result. Next chapter will touch on the research result analysis and discussion. Chapter 4- Result Analysis and Discussion The questionnaires were distributed to 150 employees in IT, Logistic, Finance and Operation department respectively as planned in Chapter 3, the responding rate is about 76%, namely 114 employees attend the questionnaire. Following are the result of each factors being tested. 4.1 Age The research finding on age factors shows that respondents in different age group perceived change differently and appears with different level of resistance. In contrary with literatures presented earlier on demonstrating age have negative relationship with organizational change where people are more emotional stable and adaptable to organizational change as they age. Instead, the result shows that in the age group of 20 to 65+, employees are more resistant to change as they age; an interesting finding is that for employees aged below 20, whom were surprisingly scored higher marks on resistance. Figure 4.1.2 shows details of scores on resistance in each age group. Figure 4.1.2- Age group vs Resist to change score The possible causes lead to this result might because when younger people firstly enter the workforce with no experience and lower educational background, they are uncertain about their skills and abilities. They may behave self-concerned and less flexible dealing with working matters, and not mature enough to regulate their emotions as they are undergoing a transition from childhood to adult, school life to working life with increased responsibilities, time is needed to help them accept such big changes and adapt themselves in the new environment. As they age and become more mature, they seek for competence, career movement and relationship, they are more flexible and motivated to change themselves in the organization to achieve their objectives. As time goes on, they feel tired and queried about what supposed to be. They are loyalty to their skills and fear losing it in the future. Stability, job security and sense of seniority may become the main values after they age 46. Hence th ey might act more resisting to change as demonstrated in below figure. Super (1980)s Life Stage Theory displayed some common characteristics against to the above analysis and assumptions, which the author would like to research further. 4.2 Gender Out of total 114 respondents, 78 are women, and 36 are men, most of men respond strongly agree that organizational change is necessary and beneficial, and express their willingness to take challenges. Although there is no strong evidence to show that women are more resistance to change, most of women strongly agreed with the statement that when things are not going as plan, they tend to feel stress and if there is significant change regarding the way things are done, they would probably feel stressed. At this point, the research result suggested that women tend to be trapped in stress situation more easily than men. Hellriegel, D. Slocom, J. W., and Woodman, R.W.(2001) has pointed out that organizational change can be viewed as greatest source of stress on job and perhaps employees life. Stress cause low morale, high desertion rate and consequently reduce in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The women research samples in this study reflect lower ability to regulate stre ss in working and life that affect their job performance. When organizational changes go against their interest, plan or principles, family life, it easily get women feel stress emotionally and potentially raise their resistance level which can be described as unconscious covert resistance (Marc Maltz, 2008) whereby employees are unaware of their resistance to change. Such symptom as mentioned in Chapter 2 is difficult to recognize and manage. The result urges the management to recognize gender-related problems in the organizational process. The implication of the result underlines the importance of evaluating and managing performance between women and men employees in implementing change. 4.3 Locus of Control Figure 4.3.1 shows the relationship between Locus of Control versus Resist to Change scale. The extent of Locus of Control are divided into 5 category based on the score respondents received on answering 10 specially designed question (Q7-Q16) catered to identify the individual level of locus of Control. For each correct answer that suggested Internal Locus of Control, the participant are give 1 point, the end results are totaled up with a formula (N/10)x100. The result are categ

autism Essay examples -- essays research papers

Autism Research Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism is a neurological disorder that was identified by Dr. Leo Kanner 50 years ago. Autism can affect someone very mildly or severally and it can effect language, communication, and/or gross motor skills. It is the most devastating disorder a child could have and it also is devastating for the family. There is no medicine and no cure for autism but there are glutton free diets that help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People with autism can look normal but they lack communication skills and are withdrawn within there own world. Many people with autism usually have rituals or they do the same thing constantly which makes them need constant supervision from their parents or state agencies. Children with autism usually don’t ever use creative or imaginative play. They also need to be taught everything that they know. There is an estimated 400,000 autistic people in the U.S. from any ethnic or racial background. The social, emotional, and financial costs of autism to the family and to state or federal agencies is very high. Autism affects its victims in a wide variety of ways. Some do well in special supportive environments, other are completely independent and function fairly well, and still others may never learn to talk or be able to work or live independently. It is common for an autistic person to avoid being touched because of a strong sense of touch. A light touch to most people may hurt an autistic person. Yet some a...

Chemistry Gcse Coursework Rates of Reaction Essay

Investigating how the concentration of sodium-thiosulphate (STS) and hydrochloric acid (HCL) affects the rate of reaction in the experiment. In addition I am also checking how different variables affect my experiment and also how I can make my test more precise, reliable and accurate. Strategy According to my results, as the concentration of STS solution increased the rate of reaction of my experiment was increased. Also as the concentration of STS solution decreased, the time of reaction increased. In my preliminary test I checked my equipment and I came to a conclusion that my equipment was working well. The preliminary test checked if the experiment actually worked and the things I used were reliable for me to use. The method I used to carry out my experiment was very reliable. I first picked the type of experiment I was going to do. Which consisted of many types or variables such as: changing the temperature, catalyst, surface area and concentration etc. As I had limited time I picked concentration. I also had to choose which type concentration I needed either 1 molar or 2 molars (concentration types). I realised that picking the 1 molar STS solution the rate of reaction was very slow. However in the 2 molar STS solution the rate of reaction was quick. As I was short on time I chose the 2 molar STS solution nevertheless picking this type of concentration could lead me to see more reaction between STS and HCL particles. Therefore allowing me to create an accurate test and allowing me to obtain precise results. Once I decided the concentration I then carried out my experiment. In my preliminary test I carried out my experiment using three beakers which contained of STS, H20 and HCL. In my experiment I applied H20 so that I could see the rate of reaction through a more dilute solution. I applied all of these solutions in to a conical flask. I recorded my results using a timer just to see if the experiment worked. What I predicted in my preliminary test was, as the sodium-thiosulphate concentration increased, the time taken for the solution to turn cloudy took longer. In this experiment I knew when the solution was completely cloudy was until the black cross underneath the flask had disappeared to my sight. Sodium-thiosulphate – used as solution as part of my experiment Hydrochloric Acid – used as solution as part of my experiment Beaker – used for carrying the solution Measuring cylinder – used for measuring the volume of solution Timer – used to measure the time taken for the solution to get cloudy Calculator – used to calculate the average time Conical Flask – used to carry out the experiment Black-cross card- used to see weather or not the solution had turned fully cloudy. Collecting Data In my experiment most of the variables I had were: volume of HCL, volume of STS, concentration of HCL or STS, temperature of room, type of apparatus and many more. The variable I changed was the volume of STS and the volume of water. The variable that I kept the same was the hydrochloric acid which remained at 30ml throughout the whole experiment. By doing so it made my experiment a fair test as I was controlling other variables such as HCL. I kept the other variables the same in order to allow my experiment to be a fair test. Taking temperature into consideration if I did not control this my results would be inaccurate. My experiment was carried out very safely. I made sure that I was wearing my safety goggles whilst I carried out my test. My experiment was placed not in the way of people so that my experiment is not any risk to me or them. In addition the safety rules made my experiment a fair test. Nevertheless regarding my data of results I had were very reliable and precise as I don’t have any outliers and my graph shows that the increase of STS is directly proportional to the time taken for the solution to become cloudy. To make sure that my test went accurately and precisely I made sure that my timing was accurately done not pressing the timer too early or late. This again shows that my test was a fair test. As the range of volumes of STS I had consisted between 12ml to 40ml although if I applied higher concentrations the test would have been more reliable. However I used these concentration types so that I can get a clear picture that STS reacts with HCL in a certain period of time. I repeated these volumes three times and as a result no outliers had become visible to me on my data. This suggested that my experiment was carried out very accurately. As well as in my preliminary test I also repeated the test three times so that I could see the results were accurate and precise. Similarly my real experiment was done very precisely such as calculating or measuring the results or measuring the amount of solution in each beaker etc. I predicted that I would find a wrong result whilst doing my experiment, however my prediction was wrong and the results were very accurate. If by chance I found an outlier I would not count it with the rest of my results and I would repeat that test again. One of my problems I encountered during my experiment was the time taken to press the timer which in my opinion affected my results. Interpreting Data What I notice in my results was that as the concentration of STS kept on increasing the time take for the solution to get cloudy was decreasing. For example when there was 12ml of STS the average time was 140 seconds. Where as when the STS was at 40ml the average time was 32 seconds which shows a very big relationship between the amount of STS and the time taken. This was due to the concentration of the STS solution. In comparison to my preliminary results I can see some similarities between the concentration types of the STS solution. Also I can see on my graph the scatter of results look very accurate and the natural trend of my results shows a negative correlation. What my graph shows is that the percentage of sodium-thiosulphate increased then the time taken for the experiment decreased. So as the sodium-thiosulphate particles increased which meant that there where more particles colliding with the hydrochloric acid particles. This altogether led to a decrease in the time taken for the reaction to happen. Not only is the results reliable but they are easy to understand as for the key which describes the part on the graph such as line of best fit, error bars etc. Therefore the data I obtained looks very reliable. The picture bellow suggests that if the concentration increases the collision rate increases. Also many other variables affect the collision rate to increase such as Catalysts and temperature etc. Evaluation In conclusion I think my experiment was very successful. My data is very reliable and accurate as I have no outliers. I probably did not encounter any outliers because the precision and the accuracy I applied to my investigation during timing or measuring etc. this shows the reliability of my investigation. The results could have been improved by repeating the investigation more times so that I can further improve the reliability of my data. On the other hand I am very confident with my results. On my graph the results show very small error bars which suggests that my results again were very accurate. I was also confidant with the safety of this experiment which mostly when I was pouring out STS and HCL. Therefore this applies to the accuracy of the test. On my table of results I repeated my investigation 3 times to ensure the reliability of my data. Nevertheless I measured the time taken to the nearest second which builds precision in my experiment. I am very confident with the method I used whilst using simple equipment and obtaining fantastic results and my experiment was a success. Overall I am really confident in this investigation, however I can make improvements. Maybe using a better timer to record my results would have granted me more accurate results. I could have also changed the concentration of the HCL solution. This would make my investigation more of a fair test because during my experiment I used a stronger concentration of the STS solution and so it would have been better if I used the stronger HCL solution. Also safety was equally important to the investigation. I can also improve my experiment by using a turbidity sensor which judges how cloudy things are. By using this turbidity sensor would give me more precise and reliable results. In my opinion this experiment was a very good choice as temperature, surface area and catalysts were also different variable choices, however what I noticed at the start of the experiment was that this investigation was easy to layout and the equipment was available. My results were outstanding seen as though I had no outliers or the error bars on my graph are very small. The line of best fit shows a natural trend between the solution and the average time taken. But taken into consideration the time taken to record the results was not 100% accurate. This problem would have been avoided if I used more accurate equipment. Taken as a whole I can see that my experiment went very well. I am very confident with my results and I can feel that my investigation was very precise, accurate and my results were extremely reliable. I also feel very confidant that my investigation went well.